{ "evidence": "UNVALIDATED_NUMERICAL_MODELS_AND_ANALYTICAL_RESOURCE_SCREENS", "cases": [ { "name": "p1-L4-U10-p2test", "variant": "p1", "mesh_level": 4, "iterations": 1000.0, "field_snapshot_time": 1000.0, "completed": true, "half_domain_cells": 143192, "standard_mesh_pass": true, "extended_mesh_notes": [ "***Concave cells (using face planes) found, number of cells: 4253", "Failed 1 mesh checks." ], "wall_drag_last100_mean_N": 0.7337241092155999, "wall_upward_force_last100_mean_N": 0.5312210538426, "wall_drag_last100_range_N": [ 0.7296411602, 0.73878195634 ], "wall_drag_two50_window_drift_fraction": 0.008103055989200254, "residual_initials_from_solverInfo": { "Ux": 7.344177297e-05, "Uy": 0.0007582286775, "Uz": 0.000507841133, "p": 0.01242701736, "k": 0.0001502492854, "omega": 1.288519239e-05 }, "strict_residual_screen_pass": false, "residual_convention": "solverInfo records the last pressure corrector initial residual; it is not the outer-loop first pressure residual.", "metadata": { "name": "p1-L4-U10-p2test", "mode": "p1", "surface_refinement": 4, "speed_ms": 10, "Re_length": 320000.0, "half_domain": true, "force_multiplier": 2, "rho_kgm3": 1.2, "reference_frontal_area_m2": 0.027, "reference_area_note": "Envelope width*height, not measured projected frontal area; use force and CdA for comparison.", "solver": "OpenFOAM 2412 simpleFoam, steady incompressible RANS kOmegaSST", "inlet_turbulence_intensity": 0.01, "turbulent_length_scale_m": 0.01, "ground": "No ground boundary: preliminary free-air mechanism test", "wheel_rotation": false, "heating_W": 0, "generator_load": 0, "scope": "Unvalidated numerical mechanism test. Not a high-end-car performance comparison.", "variant": "p1", "comparison": "P1/P2 shape revision under matched free-air cold-flow conditions", "revision": "P1 reference", "numerical_change": "All matched cases use p relaxation 0.18, U 0.35, k/omega 0.4; tighter inner linear solves and residual stopping.", "material_model": "Smooth rigid impermeable walls for all variants. Premium materials do not receive an assumed drag advantage.", "required_gates": "Standard mesh quality, force stability, actual residuals, mass balance and cross-mesh comparison; failed gates remain visible." }, "total_vehicle_axial_force_last100_mean_N": 0.7337241092155999, "volume_flux_imbalance_fraction": 1.4484848391258766e-08 }, { "name": "p1-L5-U10-p2test", "variant": "p1", "mesh_level": 5, "iterations": 1000.0, "field_snapshot_time": 1000.0, "completed": true, "half_domain_cells": 735372, "standard_mesh_pass": true, "extended_mesh_notes": [ "***Concave cells (using face planes) found, number of cells: 16659", "Failed 1 mesh checks." ], "wall_drag_last100_mean_N": 0.7561885354774, "wall_upward_force_last100_mean_N": 0.551380068253, "wall_drag_last100_range_N": [ 0.74870316054, 0.7667008403 ], "wall_drag_two50_window_drift_fraction": 0.015685011991502802, "residual_initials_from_solverInfo": { "Ux": 0.0001257730003, "Uy": 0.001186165245, "Uz": 0.0008624804715, "p": 0.01116433861, "k": 0.0002341293391, "omega": 3.278026976e-05 }, "strict_residual_screen_pass": false, "residual_convention": "solverInfo records the last pressure corrector initial residual; it is not the outer-loop first pressure residual.", "metadata": { "name": "p1-L5-U10-p2test", "mode": "p1", "surface_refinement": 5, "speed_ms": 10, "Re_length": 320000.0, "half_domain": true, "force_multiplier": 2, "rho_kgm3": 1.2, "reference_frontal_area_m2": 0.027, "reference_area_note": "Envelope width*height, not measured projected frontal area; use force and CdA for comparison.", "solver": "OpenFOAM 2412 simpleFoam, steady incompressible RANS kOmegaSST", "inlet_turbulence_intensity": 0.01, "turbulent_length_scale_m": 0.01, "ground": "No ground boundary: preliminary free-air mechanism test", "wheel_rotation": false, "heating_W": 0, "generator_load": 0, "scope": "Unvalidated numerical mechanism test. Not a high-end-car performance comparison.", "variant": "p1", "comparison": "P1/P2 shape revision under matched free-air cold-flow conditions", "revision": "P1 reference", "numerical_change": "All matched cases use p relaxation 0.18, U 0.35, k/omega 0.4; tighter inner linear solves and residual stopping.", "material_model": "Smooth rigid impermeable walls for all variants. Premium materials do not receive an assumed drag advantage.", "required_gates": "Standard mesh quality, force stability, actual residuals, mass balance and cross-mesh comparison; failed gates remain visible." }, "total_vehicle_axial_force_last100_mean_N": 0.7561885354774, "volume_flux_imbalance_fraction": 1.820606060522495e-08 }, { "name": "p2-flow-L4-U10-p2test", "variant": "p2-flow", "mesh_level": 4, "iterations": 1000.0, "field_snapshot_time": 1000.0, "completed": true, "half_domain_cells": 144247, "standard_mesh_pass": true, "extended_mesh_notes": [ "***Concave cells (using face planes) found, number of cells: 5207", "Failed 1 mesh checks." ], "wall_drag_last100_mean_N": 0.6134003048588, "wall_upward_force_last100_mean_N": 0.3629718151898, "wall_drag_last100_range_N": [ 0.60657577268, 0.61688584654 ], "wall_drag_two50_window_drift_fraction": 0.0053669748676728095, "residual_initials_from_solverInfo": { "Ux": 2.953953227e-05, "Uy": 0.0003224088688, "Uz": 0.0002745522251, "p": 0.005717571276, "k": 4.674992405e-05, "omega": 9.43091812e-06 }, "strict_residual_screen_pass": false, "residual_convention": "solverInfo records the last pressure corrector initial residual; it is not the outer-loop first pressure residual.", "metadata": { "name": "p2-flow-L4-U10-p2test", "mode": "p2-flow", "surface_refinement": 4, "speed_ms": 10, "Re_length": 320000.0, "half_domain": true, "force_multiplier": 2, "rho_kgm3": 1.2, "reference_frontal_area_m2": 0.027, "reference_area_note": "Envelope width*height, not measured projected frontal area; use force and CdA for comparison.", "solver": "OpenFOAM 2412 simpleFoam, steady incompressible RANS kOmegaSST", "inlet_turbulence_intensity": 0.01, "turbulent_length_scale_m": 0.01, "ground": "No ground boundary: preliminary free-air mechanism test", "wheel_rotation": false, "heating_W": 0, "generator_load": 0, "scope": "Unvalidated numerical mechanism test. Not a high-end-car performance comparison.", "variant": "p2-flow", "comparison": "P1/P2 shape revision under matched free-air cold-flow conditions", "revision": "P2", "numerical_change": "All matched cases use p relaxation 0.18, U 0.35, k/omega 0.4; tighter inner linear solves and residual stopping.", "material_model": "Smooth rigid impermeable walls for all variants. Premium materials do not receive an assumed drag advantage.", "required_gates": "Standard mesh quality, force stability, actual residuals, mass balance and cross-mesh comparison; failed gates remain visible." }, "total_vehicle_axial_force_last100_mean_N": 0.6134003048588, "volume_flux_imbalance_fraction": 2.064242422785824e-08 }, { "name": "p2-flow-L5-U10-p2test", "variant": "p2-flow", "mesh_level": 5, "iterations": 1000.0, "field_snapshot_time": 1000.0, "completed": true, "half_domain_cells": 727102, "standard_mesh_pass": true, "extended_mesh_notes": [ "***Concave cells (using face planes) found, number of cells: 19891", "Failed 1 mesh checks." ], "wall_drag_last100_mean_N": 0.6032417682734, "wall_upward_force_last100_mean_N": 0.3842921054428, "wall_drag_last100_range_N": [ 0.59916485334, 0.60861788468 ], "wall_drag_two50_window_drift_fraction": 0.008902012558862133, "residual_initials_from_solverInfo": { "Ux": 6.699192334e-05, "Uy": 0.0005600822462, "Uz": 0.0006271388091, "p": 0.008750241031, "k": 0.0001485065182, "omega": 1.843983486e-05 }, "strict_residual_screen_pass": false, "residual_convention": "solverInfo records the last pressure corrector initial residual; it is not the outer-loop first pressure residual.", "metadata": { "name": "p2-flow-L5-U10-p2test", "mode": "p2-flow", "surface_refinement": 5, "speed_ms": 10, "Re_length": 320000.0, "half_domain": true, "force_multiplier": 2, "rho_kgm3": 1.2, "reference_frontal_area_m2": 0.027, "reference_area_note": "Envelope width*height, not measured projected frontal area; use force and CdA for comparison.", "solver": "OpenFOAM 2412 simpleFoam, steady incompressible RANS kOmegaSST", "inlet_turbulence_intensity": 0.01, "turbulent_length_scale_m": 0.01, "ground": "No ground boundary: preliminary free-air mechanism test", "wheel_rotation": false, "heating_W": 0, "generator_load": 0, "scope": "Unvalidated numerical mechanism test. Not a high-end-car performance comparison.", "variant": "p2-flow", "comparison": "P1/P2 shape revision under matched free-air cold-flow conditions", "revision": "P2", "numerical_change": "All matched cases use p relaxation 0.18, U 0.35, k/omega 0.4; tighter inner linear solves and residual stopping.", "material_model": "Smooth rigid impermeable walls for all variants. Premium materials do not receive an assumed drag advantage.", "required_gates": "Standard mesh quality, force stability, actual residuals, mass balance and cross-mesh comparison; failed gates remain visible." }, "total_vehicle_axial_force_last100_mean_N": 0.6032417682734, "volume_flux_imbalance_fraction": 8.678787950926066e-09 }, { "name": "p2-charge-L4-U10-p2test", "variant": "p2-charge", "mesh_level": 4, "iterations": 1000.0, "field_snapshot_time": 1000.0, "completed": true, "half_domain_cells": 144247, "standard_mesh_pass": true, "extended_mesh_notes": [ "***Concave cells (using face planes) found, number of cells: 5207", "Failed 1 mesh checks." ], "wall_drag_last100_mean_N": 0.6091434862566, "wall_upward_force_last100_mean_N": 0.3613242628378, "wall_drag_last100_range_N": [ 0.60085317928, 0.61295169862 ], "wall_drag_two50_window_drift_fraction": 0.008980806861809826, "residual_initials_from_solverInfo": { "Ux": 3.381421749e-05, "Uy": 0.0003409633347, "Uz": 0.0003092983667, "p": 0.00631445267, "k": 5.123509326e-05, "omega": 9.240010446e-06 }, "strict_residual_screen_pass": false, "residual_convention": "solverInfo records the last pressure corrector initial residual; it is not the outer-loop first pressure residual.", "metadata": { "name": "p2-charge-L4-U10-p2test", "mode": "p2-charge", "surface_refinement": 4, "speed_ms": 10, "Re_length": 320000.0, "half_domain": true, "force_multiplier": 2, "rho_kgm3": 1.2, "reference_frontal_area_m2": 0.027, "reference_area_note": "Envelope width*height, not measured projected frontal area; use force and CdA for comparison.", "solver": "OpenFOAM 2412 simpleFoam, steady incompressible RANS kOmegaSST", "inlet_turbulence_intensity": 0.01, "turbulent_length_scale_m": 0.01, "ground": "No ground boundary: preliminary free-air mechanism test", "wheel_rotation": false, "heating_W": 0, "generator_load": 0, "scope": "Unvalidated numerical mechanism test. Not a high-end-car performance comparison.", "variant": "p2-charge", "comparison": "P1/P2 shape revision under matched free-air cold-flow conditions", "revision": "P2", "numerical_change": "All matched cases use p relaxation 0.18, U 0.35, k/omega 0.4; tighter inner linear solves and residual stopping.", "material_model": "Smooth rigid impermeable walls for all variants. Premium materials do not receive an assumed drag advantage.", "required_gates": "Standard mesh quality, force stability, actual residuals, mass balance and cross-mesh comparison; failed gates remain visible.", "actuator": { "kind": "ideal actuator sensitivity, not resolved blades", "mode": "charge", "sink": true, "Cp": 0.512, "Ct": 0.64, "coefficient_basis": "Ideal Froude disk at induction a=0.2: Ct=4a(1-a), Cp=4a(1-a)^2; not a measured rotor.", "disk_area_one_m2": 0.000804247719318987, "tip_diameter_mm": 32, "force_accounting": "Add the opposite of the fluid source force to wall force. Incompressible source output density convention must be checked before reporting N/W.", "powered_mode_limit": "Powered mode is a separate prescribed-force sensitivity; not a validated propeller map." } }, "total_vehicle_axial_force_last100_mean_N": 0.61407111598368, "volume_flux_imbalance_fraction": 9.806060556153776e-09, "actuator_density_convention_check": true, "actuator_reaction_on_vehicle_mean_N": 0.00492762972708, "actuator_mean_axial_flow_snapshot_ms": 4.2000902451, "actuator_fluid_work_snapshot_W": 0.020851036122089325, "actuator_work_interpretation": "Recoverable fluid work before generator losses", "control_volume_axial_force_snapshot_N": 0.6137946269760107, "wall_plus_actuator_axial_force_snapshot_N": 0.60581760501976, "axial_control_volume_difference_fraction": 0.013167365705706969 }, { "name": "p2-powered-L4-U10-p2test", "variant": "p2-powered", "mesh_level": 4, "iterations": 1000.0, "field_snapshot_time": 1000.0, "completed": true, "half_domain_cells": 144247, "standard_mesh_pass": true, "extended_mesh_notes": [ "***Concave cells (using face planes) found, number of cells: 5207", "Failed 1 mesh checks." ], "wall_drag_last100_mean_N": 0.6370312133922, "wall_upward_force_last100_mean_N": 0.3509367376454, "wall_drag_last100_range_N": [ 0.62778098944, 0.64542827792 ], "wall_drag_two50_window_drift_fraction": 0.015631069971872087, "residual_initials_from_solverInfo": { "Ux": 2.984415593e-05, "Uy": 0.0003021275391, "Uz": 0.0002802942581, "p": 0.00548839654, "k": 4.815721878e-05, "omega": 8.032450603e-06 }, "strict_residual_screen_pass": false, "residual_convention": "solverInfo records the last pressure corrector initial residual; it is not the outer-loop first pressure residual.", "metadata": { "name": "p2-powered-L4-U10-p2test", "mode": "p2-powered", "surface_refinement": 4, "speed_ms": 10, "Re_length": 320000.0, "half_domain": true, "force_multiplier": 2, "rho_kgm3": 1.2, "reference_frontal_area_m2": 0.027, "reference_area_note": "Envelope width*height, not measured projected frontal area; use force and CdA for comparison.", "solver": "OpenFOAM 2412 simpleFoam, steady incompressible RANS kOmegaSST", "inlet_turbulence_intensity": 0.01, "turbulent_length_scale_m": 0.01, "ground": "No ground boundary: preliminary free-air mechanism test", "wheel_rotation": false, "heating_W": 0, "generator_load": 0, "scope": "Unvalidated numerical mechanism test. Not a high-end-car performance comparison.", "variant": "p2-powered", "comparison": "P1/P2 shape revision under matched free-air cold-flow conditions", "revision": "P2", "numerical_change": "All matched cases use p relaxation 0.18, U 0.35, k/omega 0.4; tighter inner linear solves and residual stopping.", "material_model": "Smooth rigid impermeable walls for all variants. Premium materials do not receive an assumed drag advantage.", "required_gates": "Standard mesh quality, force stability, actual residuals, mass balance and cross-mesh comparison; failed gates remain visible.", "actuator": { "kind": "prescribed powered-force sensitivity", "mode": "powered", "sink": false, "disk_area_one_m2": 0.000804247719318987, "tip_diameter_mm": 32, "force_accounting": "Add the opposite of the fluid source force to wall force. Incompressible source output density convention must be checked before reporting N/W.", "powered_mode_limit": "Force is a specified test input. The solved velocity gives fluid work; no blade performance or electrical efficiency is inferred.", "method": "vectorSemiImplicitSource, absolute integrated U source", "prescribed_force_one_rotor_N": 0.02412743157956961, "prescribed_equivalent_pressure_loading_Pa": 30 } }, "total_vehicle_axial_force_last100_mean_N": 0.5887763502330609, "volume_flux_imbalance_fraction": 3.151515412272684e-10, "actuator_reaction_on_vehicle_mean_N": -0.04825486315913922, "actuator_mean_axial_flow_snapshot_ms": 6.1282533763, "actuator_fluid_work_snapshot_W": 0.2957180280778894, "actuator_work_interpretation": "Required fluid work before motor/controller and blade losses", "control_volume_axial_force_snapshot_N": 0.5982804757919867, "wall_plus_actuator_axial_force_snapshot_N": 0.5795261262808609, "axial_control_volume_difference_fraction": 0.032361525495809625 } ], "P1_P2_comparisons": [ { "level": 4, "P1_wall_drag_N": 0.7337241092155999, "P2_wall_drag_N": 0.6134003048588, "numerical_drag_reduction_percent": 16.399052838189288, "scope": "P2 geometry vs unoptimized P1 research geometry, not an OEM/high-end vehicle improvement" }, { "level": 5, "P1_wall_drag_N": 0.7561885354774, "P2_wall_drag_N": 0.6032417682734, "numerical_drag_reduction_percent": 20.22600978834478, "scope": "P2 geometry vs unoptimized P1 research geometry, not an OEM/high-end vehicle improvement" } ], "integrity": "Actuator reaction is included in total axial force. Fluid work is separate from electrical input/output.", "physical_measurements": 0, "notes": [ "Pseudo-iteration means/ranges are not statistical confidence intervals.", "No generator efficiency, tyre/pad friction or achieved wheel-fan thrust is assigned.", "Passive body CFD has fixed wheels, no ground and no hot core; deployment and grip are separate development stages.", "Old rectangular/inboard P2 drafts are excluded." ] }