{
  "physical_measurements": 0,
  "volume_litres": 10.0,
  "initial_C": 20.0,
  "initial_absolute_pressure_Pa": 101325.0,
  "rows": [
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 20.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 101325.0,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 0.0,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 0.0,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 0.0,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 0.0,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 0.0,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.0,
      "first_law_residual_J": 0.0
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 19.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 100979.35783728467,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 345.64216271533223,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 0.3411222923418,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 3.4564216271533224,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 4.121575616548509e-05,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 8.641054067883339,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 3.491909764000221,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.00592030297876011,
      "first_law_residual_J": -4.334310688136611e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 18.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 100633.71567456932,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 691.284325430679,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 0.6822445846836112,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 6.91284325430679,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 8.271463619265867e-05,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 17.282108135766677,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 7.055263990711804,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.02378191782865424,
      "first_law_residual_J": -2.0961010704922955e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 17.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 100288.07351185399,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 1036.9264881460113,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 1.0233668770254112,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 10.369264881460113,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.00012449956743490996,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 25.923162203650016,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 10.690772096177357,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.05373759402083427,
      "first_law_residual_J": 1.4921397450962104e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 16.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 99942.43134913866,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 1382.5686508613435,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 1.3644891693672223,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 13.825686508613435,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.00016657351774160625,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 34.564216271533354,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 14.399153136729401,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.09594236763235678,
      "first_law_residual_J": -3.339550858072471e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 15.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 99596.78918642332,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 1728.2108135766757,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 1.7056114617090223,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 17.28210813576676,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.00020893949616078954,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 43.20527033941669,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 18.181135974636316,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.15055360265726236,
      "first_law_residual_J": -1.2789769243681803e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 14.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 99251.14702370799,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 2073.852976292008,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 2.0467337540508224,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 20.73852976292008,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0002516005536565471,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 51.84632440730003,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 22.0374594471875,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.2177310332020049,
      "first_law_residual_J": 4.263256414560601e-14
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 13.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 98905.50486099266,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 2419.49513900734,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 2.3878560463926335,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 24.194951390073403,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.00029455978384142385,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 60.48737847518337,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 25.968872539302442,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.29763680658715885,
      "first_law_residual_J": -1.9895196601282805e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 12.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 98559.86269827733,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 2765.1373017226724,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 2.7289783387344335,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 27.651373017226724,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0003378203237242496,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 69.12843254306671,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 29.97613455975008,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.390435527378016,
      "first_law_residual_J": 1.7053025658242404e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 11.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 98214.220535562,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 3110.7794644380047,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 3.0701006310762446,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 31.107794644380046,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0003813853544737504,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 77.76948661095005,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 34.06001532106606,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.49629430236738936,
      "first_law_residual_J": 9.947598300641403e-14
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 10.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 97868.57837284666,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 3456.421627153337,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 3.4112229234180447,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 34.56421627153337,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0004252581021983483,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 86.41054067883339,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 38.2212953232604,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.615382786534397,
      "first_law_residual_J": 2.842170943040401e-14
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 9.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 97522.93621013133,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 3802.063789868669,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 3.7523452157598447,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 38.020637898686694,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0004694418387425417,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 95.05159474671672,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 42.460765941408106,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.7478732300039689,
      "first_law_residual_J": -1.4210854715202004e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 8.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 97177.294047416,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 4147.705952584001,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 4.093467508101655,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 41.47705952584001,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0005139398825002826,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 103.69264881460006,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 46.779229617219514,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 0.8939405260323001,
      "first_law_residual_J": 0.0
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 7.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 96831.65188470067,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 4493.348115299334,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 4.434589800443456,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 44.93348115299334,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0005587555992457634,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 112.33370288248341,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 51.17750005468828,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 1.0537622600443002,
      "first_law_residual_J": -1.7053025658242404e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 6.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 96486.00972198532,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 4838.99027801468,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 4.775712092785267,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 48.389902780146805,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0006038924029820782,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 120.97475695036674,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 55.656402419921356,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 1.2275187597498434,
      "first_law_residual_J": -3.694822225952521e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 5.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 96140.36755926999,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 5184.632440730013,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 5.116834385127067,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 51.84632440730013,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0006493537568081718,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 129.61581101825007,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 60.216773545252565,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 1.4153931463663567,
      "first_law_residual_J": -1.9895196601282805e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 4.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 95794.72539655466,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 5530.274603445345,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 5.457956677468879,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 55.30274603445345,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0006951431738045789,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 138.25686508613342,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 64.85946213775117,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 1.6175713869761565,
      "first_law_residual_J": -3.979039320256561e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 3.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 95449.08323383932,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 5875.916766160677,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 5.799078969810678,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 58.759167661606774,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0007412642179383862,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 146.89791915401676,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 69.58532899223232,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 1.8342423480477472,
      "first_law_residual_J": -2.2737367544323206e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 2.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 95103.44107112399,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 6221.558928876009,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 6.140201262152479,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 62.21558928876009,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.000787720504987939,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 155.5389732219001,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 74.3952472088867,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 2.0655978501510934,
      "first_law_residual_J": -1.7053025658242404e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 1.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 94757.79890840866,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 6567.2010915913415,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 6.481323554494289,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 65.67201091591342,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0008345157034877898,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 164.18002728978342,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 79.29010241564599,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 2.3118327238978105,
      "first_law_residual_J": 2.5579538487363607e-13
    },
    {
      "gas_temperature_C": 0.0,
      "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 94412.15674569333,
      "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 6912.843254306674,
      "pressure_drop_percent": 6.822445846836089,
      "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
      "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 69.12843254306674,
      "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
      "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0008816535356943947,
      "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 172.82108135766677,
      "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 84.27079299540394,
      "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 2.573144867138251,
      "first_law_residual_J": -3.410605131648481e-13
    }
  ],
  "selected": {
    "gas_temperature_C": 0.0,
    "sealed_pressure_absolute_Pa": 94412.15674569333,
    "sealed_pressure_deficit_Pa": 6912.843254306674,
    "pressure_drop_percent": 6.822445846836089,
    "sensing_surface_area_m2": 0.01,
    "pressure_force_on_fixed_sensing_surface_N": 69.12843254306674,
    "initial_dry_air_mass_kg": 0.012041183163746156,
    "additional_air_mass_until_cold_equalization_kg": 0.0008816535356943947,
    "initial_gas_cooling_heat_J": 172.82108135766677,
    "additional_cold_heat_during_ideal_turbine_fill_J": 84.27079299540394,
    "ideal_gross_fill_work_upper_bound_J": 2.573144867138251,
    "first_law_residual_J": -3.410605131648481e-13
  },
  "classification": "Mathematical ideal-gas prediction and reversible fill-work upper bound, not measured hardware.",
  "limits": [
    "The sealed cooling phase has fixed mass and rigid volume; pressure-force values refer to a fixed sensing face, not displacement work.",
    "The subsequent fill phase keeps the chamber gas at the selected cold temperature. It admits a finite mass, after which the pressure deficit is gone.",
    "The ideal fill-work quantity is an adiabatic-expander upper bound integrated over the changing chamber pressure. Finite flow, valve/orifice loss, a real expander, wall thermal mass, leakage and electrical auxiliaries reduce useful performance.",
    "Only gas heat is included here. Cooling the chamber wall and heat exchanger and producing/recharging the cold source are additional costs.",
    "No value from this pressure demonstration or the separate nitrogen cascade is credited to the vehicle simulations."
  ]
}